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  • Strengthening of CLT-panels with fiber reinforced polymers

    High-rise buildings with CLT (cross-laminated timber) load bearing structures are being more actively developed in many countries. CLT-panels are lightweight, ecological and easy to assemble. In the article types of strengthening of three-layers and five-layers CLT-panels with carbon, basalt and flax fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) are considered. They can be used for panels under exploitation to reduce influence of defects and increase load bearing capacity and stiffness or in the production stage to reduce thickness and weigth of constructions. Known works of international authors are analyzed. Bending behaviour of externally reinforced CLT-panels is described. Areas that deserve further investigation are determined. They include investigation of different composite materials and wood types used for CLT-panels' production.

    Keywords: CLT, composite, cross-laminated timber, external strengthening, FRP, high-rise building, lamella, reinforcement, timber structure, wood

  • BIM in inspection and monintoring of historical buildings' timber structures

    Building information modeling (BIM) creates new opportunities not only in design and construction life cycle's phases, but also in operation of buildings. One of the most promising fields is historical building information modeling (HBIM). In the article areas of BIM's application during inspection and monitoring of timber strutures of historical buildings are outlined. Creation of 3D model of objects with complex geometry and structures with variable cross-sections is described. Questions of early warning system's creation during structural health monitoring (SHM) of buildings are considered. Works of domestic and international authors are analyzed. Areas that deserve further investigation are determined. They include integration of BIM with geographic information systems (GIS) and non-destructive testing (NDT) methods, creation of database of defects of buildings and structures.

    Keywords: architectural monument, BIM, defect, early warning, HBIM, inspection of buildings, NDT, SHM, technical condition, timber structure

  • To the issue of strengthening of existing timber structures with composite materials

    The use of composite materials based on epoxy matrix and carbon or glass fibers for strengthening of existing timber structures of buildings is analyzed. Main benefits and limitations of composite materials are discussed. High tensile strength and stiffness, light weight, corrosion and chemical resistance and relative ease of application without changing the static scheme of structures or stopping exploitation makes fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) suitable for strengthening of timber structures, including those in cultural heritage buildings. Application of FRP in the tension zone of elements under bending helps to arrest crack opening caused by defects and to better exploit the plastic compressive behavior of wood. The use of FRP is limited by their cost, low thermal resistance and limited research and normative documents base. Concluded that further study of materials properties, behaviour of strengthened elements under different types of loading, strength and durability of a bonded joint under different temperature and moisture conditions is required.

    Keywords: external strengthening, timber structure, wood, composite, lamella, reconstruction, fiberglass, carbon fiber, reinforcement, epoxy resin

  • Analysis of Russian and European standards for mechanical strength of windows

    Analysis and comparison of Russian and European standards for mechanical strength of windows, such as resistance to racking and static torsion, are provided. Classification of mechanical properties of windows according to EN 13115:2020, normative characteristics of resistance to static loads according to GOST 23166-99 and recommendations of Quality Assurance Association for Windows and Doors (Germany) are compared. Russian requirements for resistance to racking are higher than 4th class, but for resistance to static torsion are lower than 2nd class of EN 13115, while 3rd class is recommended as minimum by German RAL-Association. Analysis of methodology for mechanical tests in accordance with GOST 24033-2018 and GOST 24033-80 is done. Concluded that refinement of methodology and criteria for determining test results with taking into account the provisions of European standards is necessary, as well as conduction of further research in the field of influence of mechanical strength of windows on other qualities, such as air permeability.

    Keywords: window, translucent structure, enclosing structure, standardization, standard, mechanical strength, racking, static torsion