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  • Computer modeling of the number of flowing and non-flowing cultures of microorganisms

    The article is devoted to the development of a computer program with the help of which it is possible to simulate the number of flowing and non-flowing cultures of microorganisms for educational purposes. The Mono model is taken as the basic model of biomass growth. The apparatus of ordinary differential equations is used for the mathematical description of cell populations. As a result, the structure and functionality of the electronic learning module with its subsequent implementation in Python has been developed. As a result, the laboratory work "Modeling of flowing and non-flowing cultures of microorganisms" was developed, in the form of a computer program, performed within the framework of mastering the discipline "Biophysics" and consisting in studying the basic principles and methods of modeling the processes of development of microorganisms in flowing and non-flowing cultures. The developed program is implemented in the educational process.

    Keywords: computer program, cell population, biophysics, microorganisms, computer modeling, Mono model, Python, biomass, flow conditions, non-flow conditions, system of equations

  • Modeling of the zeta potential in the primembrane layer

    The article presents an overview of the work on modeling the behavior of a double electric layer in membranes under influences of various nature, including the example of various surface phenomena (adsorption, surfactants, adhesion, wedging pressure, electroosmosis, etc.). It was noted that the size and distribution of the charge over the surface near which it is formed has an effect on the structure of the DES; to obtain the potential distribution, it is necessary to know the structure of the membrane-electrolyte solution interface; it is intermediate to be able to calculate the charge distribution, and, accordingly, to calculate the potential distribution itself. It was pointed out that when choosing a mathematical interpretation of the process, the Poisson equation is often used, taking into account the self-consistent field, or the Navier-Stokes equations are solved together with the Nernst-Planck equation and the electroneutrality condition; the Gui-Chapman model is used to describe processes with low accuracy by molecular dynamics methods, supplemented by the ion adsorption condition according to the Langmuir isotherm; when modeling the electrolyte current, the description of the surface current of ions is used, taking into account the viscous properties of the medium.

    Keywords: double electric layer, zeta potential, membrane, primembrane layer, spatial charge density, Navier-Stokes equation, surface current, Poisson equation, capacitor, fluid flow potential

  • Investigation of the dependence of the error in the approximate solution of the Laplace equation on the mean minimum sine of the angle of the cells of the computational grid

    The paper studies the issue of the influence of the quality of the computational triangular grid on the accuracy of calculations in various computational problems. There is a well-known example of Schwartz, which shows that the approximation of a smooth surface by a polyhedral surface can give very large errors for calculating the surface area. This is due to the quality of the constructed triangulation of the surface. Therefore, it is natural to expect that there is some connection between a certain triangulation characteristic and the accuracy of solving some computational problem. In the presented article, as such a characteristic, a value is chosen - the average value of the minimum sine of the angle of all triangles of the computational grid. In the course of numerical experiments, the Dirichlet problem for the Laplace equation in a circular ring was solved, in which the error of the approximate solution was calculated (the gradient descent method was used to find a solution to the corresponding variational problem.). For the ring, a series of triangulations was constructed with a uniform division along the angle and a non-uniform division along the radius in polar coordinates. In this example, a linear dependence of the error on was shown. The article presents both the results of the calculation with different values ​​and the calculation of the correlation coefficient of the studied quantities.

    Keywords: boundary value problem, Delaunay triangulation, calculation accuracy, Dirichlet problem, mathematical modeling, triangular mesh, minimum triangle angle, piecewise linear approximation, variational method, Laplace equation

  • Numerical simulation of the dynamics of a pre-modulated electron beam in the drift space of a transit klystron

    It is indicated in the article that the study of the electron bunching process in the drift space of a transit klystron is an urgent task that allows one to establish general laws applicable to more complex models. In this connection, the behavior of the pre-modulated electron beam in the drift space of the transit klystron has been investigated. A numerical model has been implemented that takes into account the effect of space charge fields and the interaction of charged particles with elements of an electrodynamic system. A series of numerical experiments with different values ​​of the current and initial velocities of electrons, as well as their comparison with theoretical data, have been carried out. As a result of numerical experiments, data were obtained that characterize the dynamics of the electron flux in the drift space of the transit klystron at different values ​​of the initial velocity (0.5 s, 0.9 s) and cathode current (10 mA, 1A, 10A).

    Keywords: flyby klystron, mathematical model, numerical simulation, large particle method, particle-particle method, drift space, convection current distribution, electron flow, multithreaded calculations, system of differential equations

  • Vectorization and parallelization of the particle-particle method

    This paper considers the vectorization and parallelization of the "particle-particle" method used to take into account interactions between objects in the mathematical modeling of physical processes, using the example of taking into account the space charge when calculating the dynamics of charged particles. Comparison and estimation of time costs are carried out (as a test problem, the expansion of a multicomponent ion beam during one nanosecond with a step of Δt = 10-12 s was considered), taking into account the acceleration due to vectorization and parallelization between processor cores. It is concluded that the results of the work clearly demonstrate that the vectorization of computations can significantly speed up the computation time, and the explicit replacement of scalar operations with vector ones makes it possible to obtain additional speed-up in comparison with the use of automatic optimization of the program code. Key words: parallel computations, "particle-particle" method, vectorization of computations, numerical modeling, Coulomb interactions, dynamics of charged particles, ion beam, program code, equation of motion, mathematical model.

    Keywords: parallel computations, particle-particle method, vectorization of computations, numerical simulation, Coulomb interactions, dynamics of charged particles, ion beam, program code, equation of motion, mathematical model

  • Using numerical simulation to calculate the motion of an ion beam in a laser mass spectrometer EMAL-2

    The article considers the dynamics of an ion beam in a laser mass – EMAL-2 spectrometer.a numerical model based on the "large - particle" method is Implemented, taking into account the influence of spatial charge fields and the interaction of charged particles with the field of an electrodynamic system. The software package that implements the mathematical model of ion beam motion consists of two parts. The first part is a program written in C++, in which initial conditions are set, the Coulomb interaction between large particles is calculated using the "particle-particle" method, the system of differential equations (1) is integrated using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method, and the results are recorded and processed. The second part is a script for the FreeFem++ package, which implements the solution of partial differential equations using the finite element method. A series of numerical experiments and their comparison with the data obtained experimentally are carried out.

    Keywords: large particle method, laser mass spectrometer, particle-particle method, electrodynamic system, Runge-Kutta method, laser plasma, magnetic analyzer, ion beam, focusing system, triangulation

  • The calculation of the dynamics of the ion beam in a tandem laser mass reflectron using numerical simulation

    The article deals with the dynamics of an ion beam in a tandem laser mass-reflectron. The software package that implements the mathematical model of the ion beam motion is based on the "large - particle" method.it takes into account the influence of the spatial charge field and the interaction of ions with the field of the electrodynamic system. The potential distribution in the device nodes is obtained by numerical solution of the Laplace equation using the mathematical package Freefem++, which implements the solution of partial differential equations by the finite element method. The absence of inhomogeneity of the electric field inside the reflectors is shown. A series of numerical experiments has been carried out, which has shown the convenience of using the finite element method for numerical solution of problems of electrostatics and ion optics, as well as the effectiveness of using numerical modeling to develop and optimize the parameters of mass spectrometers.

    Keywords: large particle method, laser mass spectrometer, particle-particle method, electrodynamic system, Runge-Kutta method, laser plasma, ion beam, focusing system, triangulation, gas-forming impurities, time-of-flight mass spectrometer

  • Modeling biological structures using electrical equivalent equivalent circuits

    The article discusses several equivalent circuits constructed by sequentially connecting circuits for the membrane and protoplasm. The solution was made using the Cardano formula for cubic equations. The roots in the expression for the determination of resonant frequencies determined the resonant frequencies for the given parameters for the membrane and intercellular fluid; to obtain numerical values, values ​​were used within several permissible limits. In the course of the calculations, it was confirmed that most resonant frequencies are in the millimeter and submillimeter ranges. It is also shown that the cell vibration frequencies occupy the decimeter, centimeter, millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths. Obviously, it is the impact on biological systems of electromagnetic radiation in the indicated wavelength ranges that will be most effective and can lead to a maximum biological response (effect).

    Keywords: equivalent equivalent circuit, biological structure, membrane, oscillatory circuit, Cardano formula, protoplasm, resonant frequencies, electrical processes, equivalent equivalent circuit, electromagnetic radiation

  • Calculation of adaptive dual circuit systems settings

    The method of calculation of tuning coefficients for adaptive control systems implemented with the help of software and hardware systems and installed programmatically at the time of commissioning is proposed. The described algorithm consists of five steps: at the first step, the settings of the selected controller are calculated according to the known transfer function of the control object; at the second step, the method of structural transformations is the equivalent transfer function of the object controlled by the second controller; at the third step on the received equivalent transfer function of the control object settings of the regulator are calculated using a given algorithm; at the fourth step the calibration calculation of the regulator settings on the transfer function of the equivalent object is carried out; at the fifth step the decision on the end of the calculation is made. It is concluded that the presence of a program for calculating the settings greatly facilitates the process of commissioning of software and hardware systems and can significantly improve the quality of adaptive control of large and many tonnage control objects.

    Keywords: the method of calculation, the adjustment factor, adaptive management, object management, software and hardware, commissioning the work, the structure of the controller, a differential control action, transfer function, controller settings